Influencia del ángulo de contacto en la cinemática y la distribución de carga de rodamientos a bolas
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Los rodamientos a bolas son esenciales en componentes de máquinas rotativas debido a su capacidad para operar bajo cargas axiales y radiales combinadas a altas velocidades, y la lubricación es fundamental para mejorar tanto el rendimiento como la fiabilidad. Un parámetro clave en el diseño de estos rodamientos es el ángulo de contacto, que influye directamente en la capacidad del rodamiento para soportar cargas tanto radiales como axiales. Aunque generalmente se selecciona en función de la distribución de carga, el ángulo de contacto también afecta la cinemática de la bola, lo que repercute en el desgaste, las pérdidas de energía y la temperatura del componente. Este trabajo propone un modelo cuasi-estático basado en el principio de la mínima pérdida de energía para analizar cómo el ángulo de contacto impacta la distribución de carga, la cinemática de la bola y las pérdidas de potencia por deslizamiento. El modelo incorpora lubricación elastohidrodinámica (EHL) para tener en cuenta los efectos locales del movimiento de rotación y resuelve la cinemática del contacto considerando las interacciones de fricción. Los resultados se comparan con hipótesis comúnmente utilizadas en la literatura, destacando que, aunque diferentes hipótesis cinemáticas ofrecen predicciones similares en la distribución de carga, presentan diferencias significativas en la cinemática y las pérdidas de potencia. Así, se concluye que el ángulo de contacto debe ser seleccionado no solo por su capacidad de carga, sino también teniendo en cuenta su influencia sobre el deslizamiento, para optimizar el diseño de los rodamientos.
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